Introduction

Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) is the most common type of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, accounting for approximately 60% of all narrow-QRS-complex tachycardias [1-2]. AVNRT is up to 4 times more likely to affect women than men and tends to appear in young patients (mean age of 32 years) [2-4]. The reentrant mechanism of this arrhythmia results from the existence of the ‘fast’ and ‘slow’ atrioventricular nodal entry pathways, differing in conduction velocity and refractory period [5]. Due to the relatively ineffective antiarrhythmic pharmacotherapy and the predominant young age of the patients, catheter ablation continues to be considered the treatment of choice [6]. This method was introduced in 1982 by Gallagher et al [7]. The slow pathway ablation is a highly-effective method, with a success-rate of over 91- 95%, minor recurrence index and a very low complication rate of 0.2-0.7% [8-9].

The recommended invasive treatment resulted in AVNRT being one of the dominant clinical entities treated in electrophysiology labs and could influence the change in the patient population. The prevalence of this arrhythmia also contributed to better training of the physicians performing the ablation procedures. Moreover, the newly available techniques, such as cryoablation, could change the electrophysiologists’ attitude toward the endpoints of the first ablation, in particular in younger patients. We further hypothesize that the patient’s characteristics and effective results assessment have changed along with an increased number of performed ablation procedures.

The aim of the study was to analyze the gender- -related differences among patients undergoing the radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) of slow pathway entrance to the atrioventricular node.

Materials and methods 

The study group comprised of 147 consecutive patients with diagnosed atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia, who underwent the RFCA of slow pathway between January 2012 and December 2017. Standard RFCA was performed using one diagnostic decapolar deflectable catheter located in the coronary sinus. We used 4 mm tip, non-irrigated, radiofrequency catheters for His-bundle location and the procedure itself. The temperatures were initially set for 52° Celsius (C) and then increased to 56-58° C. The RF ablation was preceded by an electrophysiological study aiming at the assessment of the properties of the atrioventricular junction and implicitly at the induction of the AVNRT. The procedure was performed in the presence of dual atrial echoes during programmed atrial pacing on patients with a clinically confirmed arrhythmia, after excluding an accessory pathway. The ablation process was aimed to change the electrophysiological properties of the slow pathway eventually to total elimination of the slow pathway conduction. Clinically, the purpose of the procedure was the non-inducibility of the arrhythmia or profound changes to the AV junction properties which could prevent the tachycardia recurrence.  

Patients were divided into 2 groups based on sex. Parameters, such as age, cycle length duration, Wenckebach point, time of fluoroscopy, the radiation exposure and effect of the procedure were analyzed. The effect of the procedure was rated based on the scale presented in the table 1. The analyzed parameters are presented as the means and standard deviations. Assessment of the statistical significance was performed using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U Test. P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Table 1. Assessment of the radiofrequency catheter ablation of slow pathway entrance to the atrioventricular node procedure efficacy

AV – atrioventricular

Results

The clinical and procedural characteristics of the studied patients were presented in table 2.

In 4 cases - all female patients the non-inducibility of the tachycardia could not be obtained; there was no such case among men. The overall 97,3% of effectiveness was observed. Women were significantly younger than men (53,7 +/- 17,2 vs. 57,7 +/- 9,8) with lower radiation dose (2383,5 +/- 1993,2 vs. 2891,6 +/- 2377,1). We did not observe any statistically significant sex-related differences among the patients within the other parameters.

Table 2. The analyzed parameters in the patient sample

Discussion

RFCA is a highly successful method in both men, and women. According to the literature, women experience more symptoms than men, but they have longer time of delay before ablation [10-11]. Carnlöf et al. showed, that 17% of women stated that they were not taken seriously (vs. 7% men) and were misdiagnosed more frequently as suffering from panic disorders [12- 13]. According to the results of Liuba et al. acute success rate and the recurrence rate were similar in both sexes, although some authors claim that women are more likely have certain arrhythmia symptoms after the procedure [14]. In our study, women undergoing RFCA were younger than men, what can be explained by the earlier onset of symptoms in women. This association was documented by Deneke et al. with onset of symptomatic AVNRT at age of 38 +/- 18 in women vs. 51 +/- 18 years in men (p = 0.01) [15]. In the study Suenari et al. women were also significantly younger than men [16]. The above-mentioned study by Liuba et al. showed however the differences in age of patients with heart disease and with lone AVNRT.  

Associated heart disease was present in patients who experienced the first episode of tachycardia at a significantly older age (women 50 +/- 18 and men 45 +/- 20) what more precisely reflects the features of our population [14]. The differences in AV conduction properties are probably the reason of different incidence of AVNRT [16]. In women Wenckebach block point was lower than in men. The same results presented Liu et al. in study on sex differences in AV conduction [17].

The duration of fluoroscopy did not differ between sexes, but there was a difference in radiation exposure between men and women. Those results are similar to earlier studies and most probably should be attributed to the patients’ body dimensions and the default settings of fluoroscopy [10, 16, 18].

Conclusions

Younger age of women in comparison to men during RFCA of AVNRT reflects earlier onset of symptoms in women. Sex does not affect the time of fluoroscopy, but the higher rate of inducible tachycardia after RFCA in women may suggest the existence of anatomical difficulties or the operator’s apprehensions. Sex-related difference in radiation dose that we have observed may result from the greater volume of the men’s chest.